Demand For Pharmaceutical Products Research Articles

Navigating Changes in Patient Drug and Non-Drug Item Demands in Community Pharmacies Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare systems worldwide faced unprecedented challenges, with pharmacists playing a crucial role on the frontlines. They encountered a surge in patient requests for drugs and non-drug items related to the treatment and prevention of the disease. This cross-sectional survey aimed to assess changes in demand for selected drugs and non-drug items from the perspective of pharmacists in Jordan in the period from March to June 2021, and to explore the factors influencing this demand. An online questionnaire targeting pharmacists working in community pharmacies was developed, validated, and disseminated using social media (e.g., WhatsApp, Facebook, and Messenger). The study collected 390 responses from pharmacists working in community pharmacies. The findings revealed significant increases in demand for prescription drugs such as antibiotics (97.4%), antithrombotics (84.1%), and antivirals (66.2%), often without prescriptions. Non-prescription items, specifically minerals and vitamins, were highly sought after (100%). Demand also rose for non-drug items such as thermometers (89.0%), oximeters (85.1%) and oxygen concentrators (68.2%). Changes in drug requirements were consistent across Jordan’s districts. However, an association was observed between the increase in demand for antivirals and herbal supplements and chain pharmacies (p-value 0.037 and p-value <0.005, respectively). In conclusion, COVID-19 led to a significant upsurge in the demand for pharmaceutical products and devices, placing immense pressure on community pharmacies. The public's reaction to the pandemic, to combat and manage the disease, was consistent across Jordan, regardless of social, financial, and spatial differences among the population. The study highlights the importance of adequately preparing and educating pharmacists to provide accurate information and counseling to patients in such circumstances. Therefore, health authorities must ensure that pharmacists have access to the latest treatments and management protocols and provide clear guidance on using home treatment devices to the public.

Lot-Size Models with Uncertain Demand Considering Its Skewness/Kurtosis and Stochastic Programming Applied to Hospital Pharmacy with Sensor-Related COVID-19 Data.

Governments have been challenged to provide timely medical care to face the COVID-19 pandemic. Under this pandemic, the demand for pharmaceutical products has changed significantly. Some of these products are in high demand, while, for others, their demand falls sharply. These changes in the random demand patterns are connected with changes in the skewness (asymmetry) and kurtosis of their data distribution. Such changes are critical to determining optimal lots and inventory costs. The lot-size model helps to make decisions based on probabilistic demand when calculating the optimal costs of supply using two-stage stochastic programming. The objective of this study is to evaluate how the skewness and kurtosis of the distribution of demand data, collected through sensors, affect the modeling of inventories of hospital pharmacy products helpful to treat COVID-19. The use of stochastic programming allows us to obtain results under demand uncertainty that are closer to reality. We carry out a simulation study to evaluate the performance of our methodology under different demand scenarios with diverse degrees of skewness and kurtosis. A case study in the field of hospital pharmacy with sensor-related COVID-19 data is also provided. An algorithm that permits us to use sensors when submitting requests for supplying pharmaceutical products in the hospital treatment of COVID-19 is designed. We show that the coefficients of skewness and kurtosis impact the total costs of inventory that involve order, purchase, holding, and shortage. We conclude that the asymmetry and kurtosis of the demand statistical distribution do not seem to affect the first-stage lot-size decisions. However, demand patterns with high positive skewness are related to significant increases in expected inventories on hand and shortage, increasing the costs of second-stage decisions. Thus, demand distributions that are highly asymmetrical to the right and leptokurtic favor high total costs in probabilistic lot-size systems.

Main Factors Affecting Physicians' Prescribing Decisions: The Iranian Experience.

Prescription decision making is a complicated phenomenon influenced by many factors including drug strength, the patient's context, prescriber characteristics, health facilities, payment type, and pharmaceutical marketing. To evaluate the associations between each influenced factor and drug prescription method of Iranian physicians, we conducted an exploratory research, utilizing a questionnaire as quantitative research instrument. A sample of 460 physicians was asked to fill out the questionnaire, yielding 84% response rate. The statistical analysis from the collected data demonstrated that Iranian physicians mostly paid attention to the payment type, the patients' individual factors and the products' characteristics while prescribing a medicine. In addition, it was revealed that marketing expenditures did not have a high influence on the physicians' demand for pharmaceutical products in Iran. The obtained results may be useful for Iranian pharmaceutical companies' marketing strategy planners as well as the patients who are the exact consumers of the prescribed medicines.

The Effect of Generic Entry on the Demand for Pharmaceutical Products

오리지널 제약 제품의 특허 만료 이후에 다른 제약 회사가 오리지널 제품과 같은 분자구조를 가지는 복제약품을 시장에 내놓는 일은 매우 흔하다. 이러한 복제약품의 출시는 같은 분자구조를 가지는 모든 제품들의 경쟁을 심화시켜 이들의 평균 가격을 낮추게 한다. 따라서 통상적으로 이러한 복제약품의 출현은 같은 분자 구조를 가지는 제품들에 대한 전체 시장의 크기를 유의미한 수준으로 증가시킨다고 믿어져 왔다. 하지만 복제약품의 등장 이후에 오리지널 제약 제품 회사는 복제 약품 생산회사가 자신들 의 마케팅 활동에 무임승차하는 것을 방지하기 위해서 제약영업과 임상실험을 중단하는 경향도 있을 뿐 아니라 비슷한 효능을 가지는 제품을 가진 경쟁회사들은 복제 약품의 출현 이후에 자신들의 제약 영업 예산을 조정하는 경향도 있다. 따라서 제약영업예산을 통제한 상황에서 이러한 복제 약품의 등장이 같은 분자구조를 가지는 제품들의 전체 수요를 증가시키는지 아닌지에 대해서는 명확하게 답하기 어렵다. 본 연구는 이러한 질문에 대답기 위해서, 매우 인기 있는 고지혈증 치료제인 스태틴 계열의 약에 대한 캐나 다 데이터를 이용하였다. 본 연구의 분석 결과는 오리지널 제약회사와 경쟁사의 제약 영업을 통제한 상 황에서는 시장 팽창의 효과가 개별 약의 효능의 정도에 따라 달라짐을 보여주고 있다. 또한 본 연구 결 과는 다음과 같은 중요한 시사점을 가지고 있다. 제약제품이 좋을 때에는 복제약품의 출시가 사회후생을 증진시킨다는 점을 알 수 있다. 따라서 정부나 정책입안자들은 이러한 복제약품들이 출시되도록 장려해 야한다. 하지만 제약제품이 좋지 않을 때에는 이러한 사회후생의 증진효과를 기대하기 어렵기 때문에 정 부나 정책입안자들은 복제약품의 출시를 장려하고자 할 동기가 그리 많지는 않을 것이다. 본 연구의 결 과가 유라시아지역에 미치는 시사점 또한 크다고 할 수 있겠다. 본 연구의 결과는 복제약품시장이 최고 로 발달해 있다고 할 수 있는 북미지역에서 그것도 캐나다에서의 시장상황을 보여주고 있다. 이는 아직 도 성장단계에 있는 유라시아지역의 복제약품시장에 미칠 영향을 미리 예견한다고 할 수 있다. 많은 유라시아 국가들은 자체적으로 약품을 개발하고 상용화하기가 아직까지는 쉽지 않은 실정이다. 더불어 다 국적 제약회사들의 공격적인 시장진입이나 마케팅활동은 그 어느 때보다도 치열하다고 할 수 있다. 그러 므로 유라시아지역의 정부나 정책입안자들은 본 연구의 결과를 토대로 복제약품시장의 도입 및 대응방 안을 미래 생각해볼 수 있다. 즉 복제약품시장의 활성화가 각 경제주체의 사회복리후생 증진에 얼마나 기여할 수 있는지를 고려해 보고, 복제약품시장의 활성화를 장려할 것인지 아닌지를 결정해야 할 것이다.

Academics and competing interests in H1N1 influenza media reporting

BackgroundConcerns have been raised over competing interests (CoI) among academics during the 2009 to 2010 A/H1N1 pandemic. Media reporting can influence public anxiety and demand for pharmaceutical products. We assessed...

Modeling the effects of pharmaceutical marketing

Successful innovation of prescription drugs requires a substantial amount of marketing support. There is, however, much concern about the effects of marketing expenditures on the demand of pharmaceutical products (Manchanda et al., Market Lett 16(3/4):293–308, 2005). For example, excessive marketing could stimulate demand for products in the absence of a fundamental need. It also has been suggested that increased marketing expenditures may reduce the price elasticity of demand and allow firms to charge higher prices (Windmeijer et al., Health Econ 15(1):5–18, 2005). In this paper, we present the outcomes of an empirical study in which we determine the effects of pharmaceutical marketing expenditures using a number of frequently used “standardized” models. We determine which models perform best in terms of predictive validity and adequate descriptions of reality. We demonstrate, among others, that the effects of promotional efforts are brand specific and that most standardized models do not provide adequate descriptions of reality. We find that marketing expenditures have no or moderate effects on demand for pharmaceutical products in The Netherlands.

Risk identification, risk assessment, and risk management of abusable drug formulations

There is a demand for pharmaceutical products with reduced abuse liability. These products must meet three tests to be successful. They must be safe for patients, be less likely to injure the abuser, and be less desirable for abuse by established drug abusers relative to existing products on a dose for dose (milligram-equivalent) basis. There is a need for standardization of the evaluation of abusable pharmaceuticals in the various stages of drug development from preclinical animal studies to postmarketing surveillance. Formulations with reduced abuse liability must: (1) be tested using standard animal, benchtop, and human pharmacokinetic methods that allow interpretation, (2) sufficiently reduce the recovery of abusable drug substance, or contain another ingredient to deter abuse, (3) not alter drug activity for patients in an undesirable or risky way, and (4) have an accurate pre-approval estimation of their reduced abuse liability, which is validated by adequate epidemiologic post-approval surveillance.

Just What the Patient Ordered? Direct-to-Consumer Advertising and the Demand for Pharmaceutical Products

Three out of four patients who ask a physician for a drug get it prescribed. Do patients really wield so much influence? Empirical analysis of patient-level prescription claims reveals that direct-to-consumer advertising does impact the choice probability but there are two caveats. First, the impact of promotions aimed directly at physicians is significantly higher. Consequently, advertising affects the treatment probability benefiting all competing brands. Second, advertising infleunces demand only for drugs that have preferential status with the patient's insurer. The high ratio of fulfilled drug requests is driven less by patient's influence than physician's existing preference for these drugs.

Persuasion or Information? Promotion and the Shares of Brand Name and Generic Pharmaceuticals

Previous articleNext article No AccessPersuasion or Information? Promotion and the Shares of Brand Name and Generic PharmaceuticalsMark A. Hurwitz and Richard E. CavesMark A. Hurwitz Search for more articles by this author and Richard E. Caves Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Law and Economics Volume 31, Number 2Oct., 1988 Sponsored by The University of Chicago Booth School of Business and The University of Chicago Law School Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/467158 Views: 57Total views on this site Citations: 137Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1988 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Tianqin Shi, Nicholas C. 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Persuasion or Information? The Economics of Prescription Drug Advertising

Previous articleNext article No AccessPersuasion or Information? The Economics of Prescription Drug AdvertisingKeith B. LefflerKeith B. Leffler Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Law and Economics Volume 24, Number 1Apr., 1981 Sponsored by The University of Chicago Booth School of Business and The University of Chicago Law School Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/466973 Views: 88Total views on this site Citations: 110Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1981 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:David A. Griffith, Hannah S. 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